Category: Canadian Immigration

Although immigration applications are put through an extensive review and assessment process, decision-makers can reach the wrong conclusion. Decisions from the Immigration Division or Immigration Appeal Division can be reviewed by a judge (judicial review) to ensure a fair outcome. 

The Federal Court of Canada recently reversed a decision of the Immigration Appeal Division in the case of Eriator v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) which dealt with inadmissibility on the grounds of human rights violations.

The applicant was a former member of the Nigerian Police Force

The applicant was a Nigerian national. On October 23, 2017, he entered Canada from the United States border and claimed refugee protection. He faced challenges to his admissibility as a refugee because he had been a member of the Nigerian Police Force (NPF), which has an extensive history of alleged human rights abuses, violence, and torture. The applicant voluntarily became a member of the NPF in 2009 and left in December 2016.

Human or international rights violations are grounds for inadmissibility into Canada

The Immigration and Refugee Act sets out various grounds upon which an applicant is inadmissible for entry into Canada. The ground at issue in this case is set out in section 35(1) of the Act, which reads:

Human or international rights violations

35 (1) A permanent resident or a foreign national is inadmissible on grounds of violating human or international rights for

1. committing an act outside Canada that constitutes an offence referred to in sections 4 to 7 of the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act […]

The Immigration Division reviewed documents regarding the Nigerian Police Force, which detailed “allegations of torture or other ill-treatments in police custody.” However, there was no evidence that the applicant had been involved in these police activities. His roles included clerical officer, security guard, election duties, and a role on the Special Anti-Robbery Squad.

Determining whether an individual knowingly contributed to a crime or criminal purpose

The Supreme Court Case Ezokola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) laid out the factors for assessing whether an individual knowingly contributed to crimes or a criminal purpose:

• the size and nature of the (criminal) organization;
• the part of the organization with which the refugee claimant was most directly concerned;
• the refugee claimant’s duties and activities within the organization;
• the refugee claimant’s position or rank in the organization;
• the length of time the refugee claimant was in the organization, particularly after acquiring knowledge of the group’s crime or criminal purpose; and
• the method by which the refugee claimant was recruited and the refugee claimant’s opportunity to leave the organization.

Minister failed to prove applicant complicit in crimes: Immigration Division

Rather than focusing on the commission of the crimes themselves, the Immigration Division relied on how the applicant contributed to the crimes. They brought forward information on policing generally in Nigeria and how it is rife with corruption. They claimed the Special Anti-Robbery Squad was the primary perpetrator of killings and torture and found that the applicant was aware of the true nature of the Nigerian Police Force when he voluntarily joined.

In response, the applicant’s counsel argued that there was no evidence showing that the applicant had been complicit in the Nigerian Police Force’s crimes. He was with the Special Anti-Robbery Squad for less than a month, had not requested to be put into the position, and was not given a weapon to carry. The applicant stated he was unaware of the NPF’s reputation and argued that the evidence received by the Immigration Division was not trustworthy or credible. 

Immigration Appeal Division overturned initial decision, applicant deemed inadmissible

The Immigration Division found that the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration had not proven the applicant was complicit in the NPF’s crimes and therefore was not inadmissible to Canada. The Minister appealed to the Immigration Appeal Division. 

Although the Immigration Appeal Division adopted the findings on credibility made by the Immigration Division, the appellate division found the applicant was inadmissible.

Federal Court: Immigration Appeal Decision’s findings not supported by evidence

The applicant applied for judicial review of the Immigration Appeal Division’s decision. The Federal Court was quick to note the flaws in the IAD decision. It noted the IAD made general conclusions without evidentiary support.

For instance, the applicant’s three-year stint with the Nigerian Police Force led to the conclusion that he “was obviously exposed to the acts of other police officers and contributed to the objective of his organization.” The Federal Court noted this did not constitute a contribution, even if true. There was also no evidence to demonstrate that the applicant’s participation with the Special Anti-Robbery Squad coincided with any crimes committed by that unit.

Association with criminal organization does not equal complicity

The Federal Court ultimately found that the Immigration Appeal Division decision was unreasonable and did not use “an appropriate decision-making process.” The Court denounced the IAD decision as lacking intelligibility and endorsing a view of guilt by association. The Court noted that while the IAD assessed the Ezokola factors, it failed to consider the central principle of those factors, which is that “mere association with an organization will not suffice” when finding complicity. Instead, “[t]he individual must make a significant contribution to the crime or criminal purpose of a group. Not any contribution will do.”

As there were no reasonable grounds on the record that demonstrated the applicant was complicit in any crime against humanity, the application for judicial review was granted.

Contact Garson Immigration Law in Toronto for Assistance with Inadmissibility Issues

The talented immigration lawyers at Garson Immigration Law are highly experienced in overcoming inadmissibility issues for those looking to immigrate to Canada. We provide honest, trusted opinions and work with prospective newcomers before their arrival at the border to strategize the best chance of overcoming a finding of inadmissibility.

Garson Immigration Law develops effective, pragmatic solutions for clients in all immigration matters, including permanent residence, citizenship, and US immigration. For a confidential consultation on your immigration matter, please contact us online or call 416-321-2860.

During the Canadian immigration process, it may not be entirely clear to you the difference between each government department you encounter. The Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada is different from Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada and is separated into four divisions. This blog post discusses this administrative tribunal and its counterparts to better understand what to expect when you apply to immigrate to Canada.

The Immigration and Refugee Board is not the first government agency newcomers encounter

Most newcomers will interact with other Canadian immigration bodies before encountering the Immigration and Refugee Board, including the Canada Border Services Agency and Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada.

Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA)

When you first come to Canada, you will inevitably engage with officers at your port of entry. These are members of the Canada Border Services Agency (or CBSA).

The Canada Border Services Agency primarily oversees the flow of travel and trade into Canada and places an enforcement role in the immigration process. Specifically, the CBSA enforces detention of foreign nationals, deportation (also called removal), investigations, and gathering intelligence overseas pertinent to immigration. The CBSA can also refer cases to the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada.

Immigration, Refugees & Citizenship Canada (IRCC)

Whether you are applying outside or from within Canada, your application to immigrate goes to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (or IRCC). Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada is a government body primarily responsible for immigration and refugee matters. It selects which immigrants can come to Canada, issues visas for visitors, grants citizenship, and determines who is eligible for refugee protection. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada also refers cases to the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada.

What is the Immigration and Refugee Board?

The Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada is an administrative tribunal in Canada. Administrative tribunals are quasi-judicial bodies that make decisions on legal disputes. They are separate from the judiciary of the courts, but their rulings can sometimes be appealed to a court of law. They hear cases that fall under a specific area of law, such as immigration law. Administrative tribunals ensure administrative hearings are heard by decision-makers who are experts in that area of law.

The Immigration and Refugee Board makes decisions about immigration and refugee matters. It also decides who needs refugee protection when cases are referred to it by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. However, it is entirely independent of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada.

The four divisions of the Immigration and Refugee Board

The Immigration and Refugee Board is made up of four divisions:

1. Immigration Division (ID)
2. Immigration Appeal Division (IAD)
3. Refugee Protection Division (RPD)
4. Refugee Appeal Division (RAD)

Each of these divisions is responsible for distinct issues. Hearings at these divisions must be exhausted before further appeals are available in the Federal Court and Federal Court of Appeal.

Immigration Division (ID)

The Immigration Division is responsible for holding admissibility hearings. These hearings are held at the request of either the Canada Border Services Agency or Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. Usually, these hearings involve foreign nationals, or permanent residents who either government agency believes may be inadmissible or removable from Canada.

Foreign nationals are individuals in Canada who are neither Canadian citizens nor permanent residents. Permanent residents are those who have applied and acquired this status in Canada. Either foreign nationals or permanent residents may be inadmissible to Canada under the following grounds:

• The foreign national or permanent resident poses a security threat to Canada;
• The foreign national or permanent resident has violated human or international rights under the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act, Special Economic Measures Act, or the Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act;
• The foreign national or permanent resident has committed serious crimes inside or outside of Canada or engaged in organized criminality; or
• The foreign national or permanent resident has a health condition that may likely pose a danger to public health or safety, or cause excessive demand on health or social services.

Immigration Appeal Division (IAD)

The Immigration Appeal Division hears appeals of immigration matters. If an application for family class sponsorship is refused by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, the Immigration Appeals Division can re-assess the case.

The IAD hears appeals of removal orders (deportation) about permanent residents and other protected persons. It also hears appeals from permanent residents that Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada have deemed to have breached their residency obligations. Finally, when the Minister of Public Safety wishes to appeal a decision made by the Immigration Division, they have recourse within this division.

Refugee Protection Division (RPD)

The Refugee Protection Division is responsible for hearing claims for refugee protection made within Canada. This division is responsible for making these decisions under the international Geneva Convention, which has been implemented through the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act.

When a foreign national arrives in Canada seeking refugee protection, their first contact is usually with an officer of the Canada Border Service Agency at their port of entry. Alternatively, they can speak to officers at any inland office of the Canada Border Services Agency or Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. After reviewing the protection claim, the officer decides if the claim is eligible to be referred to the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. If it is, the refugee protection process starts when it is referred to the Refugee Protection Division.

Refugee Appeal Division (RAD)

The Refugee Appeal Division is responsible for hearing and deciding on appeals from the Refugee Protection Division. The RAD can confirm or later the Refugee Protection Division’s decision or may refer cases back to the RPD which further directions.

The Immigration and Refugee Board is not the final destination for immigration disputes

While not the final stop in the Canadian immigration process for all new immigrants, the Immigration and Refugee Board plays a vital role in the flow of newcomers to Canada. If a prospective immigrant to Canada is unsuccessful in each of its four divisions, further recourse is available. Further appeals can be made to the Federal Court and Federal Court of Appeal for a final determination. As this process can be legally and technically complex, potential newcomers should contact a qualified immigration lawyer to understand their rights and obligations.

Contact Garson Immigration Law to Start Your Canadian Immigration Process

The skilled lawyers at Garson Immigration Law are exclusively dedicated to the practice of immigration law. We pride ourselves on finding robust legal solutions to the most challenging immigration situations for businesses and individual clients. Our firm assists with a wide variety of immigration matters, including permanent residence, citizenship, work and study permits, and U.S. immigration. To schedule a confidential consultation, please call 416-321-2860 or reach out online.

Last week, we wrote about how Ontario is calling for more immigrants to flow into the province to address the mounting labour shortage. This week, the province’s immigration minister has called for greater control over selecting economic class applicants for acceptance into Ontario. This blog provides a snapshot of how power in Canada’s immigration system is divided between the provincial/ territorial and federal governments.

What is federalism?

Federalism is the system of government in which power and jurisdiction are divided between a central (“federal”) governing body and regional or state-level (in Canada, provincial or territorial) governments. Canada’s system of federalism began in 1867 with the passing of the British North America Act, which created the Dominion of Canada.

Many people believe that a federal government is “the boss” of the provincial governments, but this is not the case. The relationship between the federal and regional governments is horizontal in a federalist system.

What is each government in Canada responsible for?

The British North America Act, now known as the Constitution Act, 1867, gave the federal government jurisdiction over several areas, including:

• Trade and commerce;
• Money, banking and currency;
• Natural resources; and
• Energy development

By contrast, the Act gave the provinces exclusive control over matters like:

• Education;
• Health care;
• Property; and
• Civil rights.

Which level of government is responsible for immigration?

While many areas are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal or provincial governments, there are areas of mixed (or “concurrent”) jurisdiction. For example, both levels of government have the power to pass laws – i.e., concurrent jurisdiction – over agriculture-related matters.

Similarly, section 95 of the Constitution Act, 1867 gives concurrent jurisdiction for passing immigration laws in Canada. This section reads:

95 In each Province the Legislature may make Laws in relation to Agriculture in the Province, and to Immigration into the Province; and it is hereby declared that the Parliament of Canada may from Time to Time make Laws in relation to Agriculture in all or any of the Provinces, and to Immigration into all or any of the Provinces; and any Law of the Legislature of a Province relative to Agriculture or to Immigration shall have effect in and for the Province as long and as far only as it is not repugnant to any Act of the Parliament of Canada.

Although both levels of government may pass laws on immigration, in practice, it is a federal administrative body that primarily oversees immigration in Canada: Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada.

What about Québec?

Although Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada is the primary body responsible for immigration in Canada, certain provinces have created special arrangements over time to exert more control. For instance, the province of Québec has had its own immigration department since 1968.

In the 1960s, the birth rate in Québec declined significantly. In response, the province chose to take more control over immigration to attract more French-speaking immigrants.

Out of all Canadian provinces, Québec has the most autonomy in creating immigration policy by far. Although its immigration department was created in 1968, the province renegotiated its arrangement with the federal government four times between 1971 and 1991. The final renegotiation resulted in the Gagnon-Tremblay-McDougall Agreement, also known as the Canada-Quebec Accord. The Accord gave the province control over economic immigrants, allowing it to determine the number of potential permanent residents who immigrate to the province. The federal government can only interfere and overrule the province’s decisions on specific candidates based on serious criminality or medical reasons.

Federal-Provincial/Territorial Agreements

Québec is not the only province that has taken an interest in obtaining greater control over its immigration policy. In 1978, Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan signed agreements in response to Québec’s actions. While other provinces followed suit, these agreements did not allow for the provincial selection of immigrants. By the 1990s, the Atlantic provinces were concerned they were not getting a fair share of immigrants to help bolster their economies. Manitoba also raised issues with the lack of skilled workers immigrating to the province.

In response to these mounting concerns, the federal government developed the Provincial Nominee Program. Since 2017, most provinces and territories have agreements with the federal government on immigration (with the exception of Québec and Nunavut). While Québec retains the most control, these Federal-Provincial/Territorial Agreements provide more power to collaboratively select immigrants coming into the country. Each agreement is structured differently to reflect the specific needs of each province or territory.

Each province’s arrangement is drastically different in practice

Considering this history, Ontario’s calls for more control over its immigration policy are not exactly new. Ontario only selected less than 5% of the 211,000 immigrants coming to the province in 2022. By contrast, Québec was able to select approximately 50,000, British Columbia was able to select up to 11,000, and Nova Scotia chose 50% of its immigrants.

In Ontario, this disparity is particularly challenging with its roughly 378,000 job vacancies. However, there is hope. The Canada-Ontario Immigration Agreement is set to expire in the fall of this year. According to the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, negotiations have already begun.

Garson Immigration Law Provides Comprehensive Immigration Help in Toronto

Garson Immigration Law is a Toronto-based law firm that helps people find solutions for their immigration needs, such as obtaining permanent residence in Canada and overcoming inadmissibility. Our focus on immigration allows us to understand our clients’ unique concerns and obstacles. Our skilled immigration lawyers have extensive expertise in all immigration matters, including work permits, student visas, and US immigration from Canada. If you have any questions about an immigration matter, do not hesitate to contact us online or call us at 416-321-2860.

Canada is a great country, with many options for newcomers hoping to start a new life. Moving to Canada is a big step, though, so it’s essential to know what to expect before you make the jump. Read on for some basics to understand before putting in your application.

Most of Canada experiences four seasons

When you’re considering immigrating to Canada, it’s essential to know that most of the country experiences four different seasons. That means you can expect both cold winters and hot summers — and that the weather in your new home will differ from one province to another. For example, fall in Vancouver is especially rainy, while in Ontario, it’s a time when summer temperatures start to cool.

Canada’s official languages are English and French

Newcomers to Canada will want to be familiar with the many languages spoken in Canada. While English and French are Canada’s official languages, their use varies across the country. Additionally, because Canada is a country that has historically welcomed immigrants, there are many other languages spoken in certain cities.

In relation to services provided by the Government of Canada, the Official Languages Act dictates that public information must be provided in both official languages. However, the first language you might come across differs by region. For instance, in regions where English is more predominant, Government of Canada services will likely originate in English. However, in the National Capital Region, which is located in predominantly English-speaking Ontario, services must be provided to the public in either English or French.

Provincially and territorially, the rules change slightly. French is the official language of Québec and, aside from Montréal, it will be helpful to understand the language at least a little bit to get around. Formally, English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick, Manitoba, Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and the Yukon. In practice, however, bilingual service is not always readily available. English will likely predominate in these provinces, although in New Brunswick you are more likely to hear both languages spoken equally. In Ontario, language depends on what is most spoken by region. While most of the province is English-only, other areas are bilingual. Ontario’s French Language Services Act provides individuals with a right to French-language service, but it may not be available right away depending on the availability of those who speak French.

There are also some areas with high concentrations of other languages. For instance, Punjabi, Cantonese, Mandarin, and Tagalog are commonly spoken in major cities like Vancouver and Toronto, although these are not considered official languages.

The majority of the population lives close to the Canada-U.S. border

Although its population is not widely spread out, Canada is a large country. Most of its population lives close to the border with the United States. The most densely-populated province is Ontario, while Québec has the second-highest population.

The cost of living in Canada is high compared to other countries worldwide

Something to note when coming to Canada is how the cost of living compares to your country of origin. The cost of living in Canada mainly depends on where you plan to settle, but it is not always known to be affordable. This is especially true when it comes to Canada’s housing market.

Most Canadians spend between 35 to 50 percent of their income on their home and utilities. With the varying temperatures each season, be prepared for the cost of utilities (i.e. heating and cooling costs) to fluctuate at different times of the year depending on where you settle down.

In addition to the cost of living, consider the jobs you will be eligible for when you arrive. If you need additional education for your previous schooling to be recognized, you may need to take on a lower-paying job while going through the program.

Canada has a public healthcare system

The government covers many medical expenses through Canada’s public healthcare system. Each province has its own program and covers different things. For example, Ontario provides some coverage for prescription drugs but not dental care; Alberta covers prescriptions but not vision care; British Columbia covers vision care but not hearing aids; Manitoba covers hearing aids but not physiotherapy; and so on.

If you’re planning on making Canada your new home, you should become familiar with the health care services covered by your province. Be sure to do this before settling down and making any big decisions about work or family life that could affect your health coverage down the road. Discuss your options with an immigration professional who can help you understand how to become eligible for coverage.

Canada is a democratic nation

Democracy is the form of government in which citizens vote for representatives who make laws on their behalf. As a democratic nation, Canadian federal, provincial, territorial, and municipal governments are elected by their constituents. People can belong to any political party representing their views and beliefs. However, voting rights are only available to citizens.

Canada recently surpassed its citizenship goals

Canada is a great place to apply for citizenship. Not only are there great opportunities for citizens of Canada both inside the nation and internationally, but it is a place keen to welcome more citizens to contribute to its economy. Between 2021 to 2022, Canada surpassed its citizenship goals. Over 210,000 individuals were made Canadian citizens in that one-year span.

To apply for citizenship, a person must be a permanent resident who has lived in Canada for three of the last five years and has filed taxes. Prospective Canadian citizens must also pass a citizenship test and prove their language skills in one of the country’s official languages.

Consider applying to immigrate to Canada today

As you can see, there are many things to consider when immigrating to Canada. From the weather to the cost of living, Canada provides a unique experience to those who choose to reside here.

If Canada sounds like a place you would be interested in, then it’s important to start planning your move as early as possible. The sooner you begin the process, the more time you’ll have to ensure that all of your paperwork is in order and that your affairs are taken care of before you leave. Consider consulting an immigration lawyer to determine the best immigration process for you to make your process easier.

Contact the Lawyers at Garson Immigration Law If You’re Considering Moving to Canada

Garson Immigration Law is a Toronto-based law firm that helps people find solutions for their immigration needs, such as obtaining permanent residence in Canada and overcoming inadmissibility. Our focus on immigration allows us to understand our clients’ unique concerns and obstacles. Our immigration lawyers have extensive expertise in all kinds of immigration matters, including work permits, student visas, and US immigration from Canada. If you have any questions about an immigration matter, do not hesitate to contact us online or call us at 416-321-2860.

June 27th is PTSD Awareness Day in Canada. Post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, is a mental health illness that occurs after someone experiences or witnesses an extremely traumatic event. The symptoms of PTSD can be severe and long-lasting and may include nightmares, reliving experiences in the mind, or anxiety and depression.

Approximately 45 percent of immigrants and refugees who have come to Canada have arrived from countries experiencing social unrest or war. These experiences may be carried with them as they acclimate to Canadian society. Although Canada presents a safer environment for many of those who choose to come here, PTSD can nevertheless prevail in adding further challenges to being in Canada.

What is PTSD?

When someone experiences something extremely traumatic — like being threatened with physical harm or witnessing violence against another person — it is common to feel scared or worried about what might happen next. These feelings are normal reactions to stressful situations; however, if these feelings last longer than expected (and significantly interfere with your life), then it may be PTSD.

PTSD is a mental health condition that can develop after a person has experienced or witnessed any event that results in psychological trauma. It was originally called “shell shock” during World War I, and it was officially recognized as a disorder in the Western world in 1980.

While PTSD often occurs after one specific traumatic incident, such as military combat or natural disasters, it can also be caused by repeated or prolonged exposure to such events. For example, people who have been exposed repeatedly to domestic violence may experience PTSD symptoms if they are unable to leave the situation.

Symptoms of PTSD are different for people

PTSD can vary greatly in severity and intensity, but it always takes some time to develop. Some people may experience mild symptoms that last for a few days or weeks after an event, while others experience severe symptoms that affect their daily lives for years. The symptoms can also vary from person to person depending on the type of trauma they experienced, their coping strategies for dealing with it and other factors like gender, age, and cultural background.

Nightmares and flashbacks are the most common symptoms of PTSD. Both nightmares and flashbacks can be very frightening and make it hard for people who have them to sleep well at night or concentrate during the day. 

It is common for people who have suffered trauma to feel detached from themselves. Some of the most common symptoms include:

• Emotional numbness. They may feel detached from their feelings and find it difficult to express emotion or be empathetic towards others.
• Feeling like you are not real. Trauma survivors often describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where they cannot trust their own perceptions of reality, such as seeing themselves walking but not being sure if they are actually moving or feeling like they’re watching a movie rather than living through an event.
• Feeling like you are not in control of your own actions or thoughts, especially when triggered by reminders of past traumatic experiences (e.g., flashbacks).

Symptoms of PTSD are not only psychological. PTSD may have physical ramifications as well, including:

• Heart palpitations or chest pain;
• Shortness of breath;
• Dizziness or faintness; and
• Sweating, trembling, nausea and/or vomiting.

Triggers of PTSD for Immigrants and Refugees

Triggers are different for everyone. Triggers can be reminders of a traumatic event, such as seeing someone who looks like someone from one’s past or experiencing a certain smell or sound. Immigrants and refugees may have specific kinds of triggers due to their experience with war or violence in their home countries and being separated from loved ones when they came here as refugees.

Although immigrants and refugees may have come to Canada for a better life, it is important to remember that established norms and attitudes here may have a negative impact on their mental health as well. For instance, further triggers of PTSD can include being targeted because they’re not the race of the majority here in Canada (as many immigrants are) or experiencing racism by other Canadians. In fact, a 2021 study found that 7.5 percent of minority immigrants experience PTSD. Comparatively, only 3.6 percent of white immigrants experience PTSD. 

Treatment for PTSD

There are a few ways to address PTSD if you or a loved one is suffering:

• Medication – Medication can help improve sleep or reduce anxiety, depression and other symptoms of PTSD. Due to provincial health care plans, a lot of Canadians take for granted the added expense of medication. This may not be the most affordable option for all individuals for this reason.
• Talk therapy – A therapist can help their clients learn ways to cope with trauma and manage their feelings. The goal of talk therapy is to help individuals live a full life with less fear and more joy.
• Cognitive behavioural therapy – This type of talk therapy helps individuals recognize the thoughts that trigger stress reactions and teaches new ways of thinking that are less stressful to the body.
• Group therapy – Group therapy provides social support while also helping participants develop skills they can use on their own outside of group sessions. For example, one can learn how to deal with managing flashbacks during exposure therapy by imagining them as movie scenes rather than real events happening in front of them at the moment of recall so as not trigger such strong reactions from both mind and body simultaneously. Meditation may also help one calm down before going through any type of exposure treatment session so as not to become overwhelmed by emotions.

Garson Immigration Lawyers in Toronto Can Help Reduce the Stress of the Immigration Process

At Garson Immigration Law, we are exclusively dedicated to the practice of immigration law. We understand that waiting for your immigration application to be processed can be stressful. Our immigration lawyers can help successfully guide you through the immigration process and find solutions for your individual immigration needs.

We work to find effective solutions for our clients in all kinds of immigration matters, including permanent residence, inadmissibility, and US immigration. If you have any questions about an immigration application, do not hesitate to reach out to us online or by calling us at 416-321-2860.